BOGOTÁ, Colombia — It was a 58-year battle, concerned virtually each sector of Colombian society, and price tons of of hundreds of lives and billions of American {dollars}.
And on Tuesday, a government-appointed fact fee launched probably the most complete examination but of Colombia’s brutal inner battle, which spanned 1958 to 2016.
The report was extremely vital of the safety mannequin that dominated the nation for many years, which the authors mentioned handled a lot of the inhabitants as inner enemies, and it known as for sweeping transformation of the police and army.
It additionally delivered a pointy rebuke of United States coverage in Colombia, saying that mounting a warfare towards drug trafficking had disastrous social and environmental results, turning poor farmers into enemies of the state and poisoning as soon as fertile landscapes.
“The results of this concerted and largely U.S.-driven method,” the report mentioned, led to a “hardening of the battle by which the civilian inhabitants has been the principle sufferer.”
Declassified paperwork used to compile the report, which have been obtained by The New York Instances, present that Washington believed for years that the Colombian army was engaged in extrajudicial killings and was working with right-wing paramilitaries, and but continued to deepen its relationship with the armed forces.
The report, which was 4 years within the making and concerned greater than 14,000 particular person and collective interviews, was a product of the 2016 peace deal between the Colombian authorities and its largest insurgent drive, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC. It’s meant to help in therapeutic after the warfare, and included a brand new estimate of the useless: 450,000 folks, practically twice the quantity beforehand believed.
At a ceremony marking the report’s publication, some victims cried of their seats, whereas others shouted for recognition for his or her family members. A number of the commissioners, who have been accountable for creating the report, wore T-shirts that learn: “There’s future if there’s fact.”
The checklist of victims “is never-ending and the amassed ache is insufferable,” the Rev. Francisco de Roux, who led the reality fee, informed a packed theater in downtown Bogotá, the capital. “Why did we watch the massacres on tv, day after day, as in the event that they have been an inexpensive cleaning soap opera?”
However the report shortly grow to be a part of a extremely polarized political panorama in Colombia, by which some consider the army was complicit in warfare crimes and desires systemic reform and others blame leftist guerrillas for a lot of the trauma.
President Iván Duque, a conservative who campaigned towards the peace deal and who is thought for an unwavering protection of the army, didn’t attend the ceremony or remark publicly on the report.
His social gathering, the Democratic Heart, launched a press release referring to the report as an “interpretive fact.”
President-elect Gustavo Petro, who in August will grow to be the nation’s first leftist president, attended the ceremony with Vice President-elect Francia Márquez. Mr. Petro has promised to make Colombia’s peace deal a precedence, and known as on the marketing campaign path for army reform.
Mr. Petro informed the viewers he believed that the report may assist “finish, definitively, the cycles of violence” the nation had suffered for generations, however that that might occur provided that the report was not used as a weapon for vengeance.
Societies will all the time have battle, he mentioned, “however battle can’t be synonymous with demise.”
Pastora Mira García, 65, whose father was killed within the warfare, had traveled greater than 200 miles to attend the occasion. She known as the report’s launch “a really hopeful second for our nation.”
The Colombian battle started as a warfare between the federal government and the FARC, however ultimately developed into a posh battle that additionally concerned paramilitary teams and the U. S. authorities, which supplied billions of {dollars} in help to the Colombians to assist them battle the insurgency and the drug commerce that funded it.
The report will ultimately encompass 10 chapters; two of these chapters have been launched Tuesday, together with an 896-page abstract of findings and proposals for the long run.
The abstract provides an in depth account of struggling, inflicted most frequently on civilians, documenting massacres, pressured disappearances, extrajudicial killings, kidnappings, extortion, torture, sexual assault and youngster recruitment, amongst different human rights violations.
These crimes, the report mentioned, have been dedicated by the FARC, by paramilitaries, by state safety forces and by others.
Among the many fee’s suggestions for the police and army are elevated oversight and accountability; restructuring of the state safety forces that removes the nationwide police from the protection ministry; transferring the instances of members of the army accused of crimes to the civil justice system, from the army one; and elimination of agreements between the army and personal corporations by which state safety forces are paid to guard personal entities, like oil corporations.
“These are crucial proposals,” mentioned Juan Carlos Ruiz, a political scientist at Rosario College in Bogotá who research the Colombian police.
Requires change have existed for years, he mentioned, however have by no means been profitable.
Among the many proof used to write down Tuesday’s report have been hundreds of declassified U.S. paperwork gathered and arranged by the Nationwide Safety Archive, a Washington-based nongovernmental group that focuses on supporting post-conflict fact commissions.
A digital library of the paperwork will probably be printed in August, however the Nationwide Safety Archive supplied The Instances with some forward of time. They reveal that the USA had many years of data of alleged crimes dedicated by the Colombian army — “and but the connection continued to develop,” mentioned Michael Evans, director of the Archive’s Colombia venture.
Notably noteworthy, he mentioned, are a collection of C.I.A. operational reviews not usually accessible to the general public, even after a document request.
One report, written in 1988 throughout a interval by which leftist activists have been being killed regularly, discovered {that a} wave of assassinations carried out towards “suspected leftists and communists” was the results of “a joint effort” between the intelligence chief of the Colombian Army Fourth Brigade and members of the Medellín narcotics trafficking cartel.
A lot of these killed have been related to a political social gathering known as the Patriotic Union. The report mentioned it was “unlikely” that this happened “with out the data of the Fourth Brigade commander.”
Later within the doc, a C.I.A. officer writes of a 1988 bloodbath by which 20 farmworkers, a lot of them union members, have been killed. The C.I.A. officer signifies that the U.S. authorities believed the assassins “obtained the names of their supposed targets” from the Colombia Army’s tenth Brigade intelligence unit.
Different paperwork present that the USA knew oil corporations have been paying paramilitaries for defense, and that not less than one firm gathered intelligence for the Colombian army.
One firm was “actively offering intelligence on guerrilla actions on to the Army,” in response to the C.I.A., “utilizing an airborne surveillance system alongside the pipeline to reveal guerrilla encampments and intercept guerrilla communications.”
The Colombian Army “efficiently exploited this info and inflicted an estimated 100 casualties throughout an operation towards the guerrillas” in 1997, in response to the report.
One other doc, written in 2003, hints at one of many grimmest chapters of the warfare, known as the false positives scandal. In that case, the Colombian army is accused of killing hundreds of civilians through the presidency of Álvaro Uribe and attempting to go them off as fight deaths, in an effort to point out that it was successful the warfare.
In current courtroom testimony in Colombia, former troopers have mentioned they felt pressured by higher-ups to kill fellow Colombians.
A July 2003 memo to Donald Rumsfeld, then the secretary of protection, from the highest Pentagon deputy for particular operations, celebrates a major rise in fight kills since Mr. Uribe took workplace took — 543 in simply six months, in contrast with 780 over the past two years of the earlier authorities.
The doc is titled “Current Successes In opposition to the Colombian FARC.”
Iñigo Alexander contributed reporting from Bogotá, Colombia.
June 28, 2022
{A photograph} in an earlier model of this text incorrectly recognized a person greeting Father Francisco de Roux, the top of Colombia’s fact fee, as retired Main Carlos Guillermo Ospina. He’s Roberto Lacouture, a sufferer of a kidnaping by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia.
